Culturally Responsive Teaching
Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion in the Classroom
Representation gaps in STEM education...
The lack of exposure to scientists from underrepresented STEM backgrounds, cultures, races, and ethnicities is a problem in STEM education. Students in STEM, especially from underrepresented backgrounds, are rarely shown or exposed to scientists from their experiences. This lack of representation contributes to the nominal growth of minority participation in STEM disciplines and educational fields such as science, technology, engineering, and math teachers. I noticed this gap in representation within my formal education experiences. Turns out, I was not the only one who underwent this realization. Many peers who share the same identities or similar experiences as I do also expressed little to no exposure in school to black, Latinx, LGBTQ+, or any other underrepresented group in STEM. Throughout my educational career, I have never had any black teachers. I had a handful of Latinx teachers, and I’ve met only one LGBTQ+ professor in college. The only black scientists that I have ever heard of in high school were Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, and that’s because the movie Hidden Figures was released in 2016 depicting the lives they lived while working for NASA. For me, this is a problem. In the biology teaching profession, I’ve had mainly white, cis-gendered, straight women. The same holds true for many biology and psychology professors I’ve had at WPI. The problem does not lie within the intersectionality of my educators, but rather the lack of exposer I’ve had to scientists who represent who I am, a gay, latinx man in the professions of biology, psychology, and education. What is most disappointing is that I know that I am not the only one in this struggle of trying to look up to role models who share the same identities as me.
My Goals & Methods of Improvements...
As a biology teacher, I knew that I could make a change. Before starting as my student teacher, I made a goal and a promise to my students that I would try my best to expose them to as many STEM professionals from underrepresented backgrounds as much as possible. I believe that students deserve role models to feel a sense of belonging in the classroom and add confidence in their capabilities. I would reference unrepresented scientists in-class discussion throughout my student teaching experiences and would post many on my students google classroom streams.
My goal was that over time my students would build up confidence in their abilities in the classroom. Another one of my goals was that my students would no longer forget or doubt their abilities on summative assessments over time. I intended that by having diverse scientists presented on our class webpage and class discussions that students would develop opportunistic assimilations that they too can become a success in any field they set their mind too
What is being done now...
I wanted to know what is being done or had been proposed to resolve this problem in education. The information I found was not surprising but still very disheartening. Not much had been tried or proposed to increase the exposer of underrepresented scientists in STEM classrooms. However, implantation is being made within humanity classrooms, like adding novels to libraries that have diverse characters. Yet, this has not been executed within science, technology, engineering, or math classrooms. On the bright side, studies are being done to examine why there are disparities between race and ethnicity among STEM program college enrollment. The scientific article “Does STEM Stand Out? Examining Racial/Ethnic Gaps in Persistence Across Postsecondary Fields” by Riegle-Crumb, C., King, B., & Irizarry, Y., states that the number of black and Latinx students enrolling in STEM programs has increased over the years; however, black and Latinx students are less like to stay within those programs or leave STEM altogether. The following quotes or in context to postsecondary biology education.
“While such spaces are challenging to navigate for most students, minority students experience these spaces while subjected to specific stereotypes about their presumed inferior cognitive and mathematical ability” (Riegle-Crumb, C., King, B., & Irizarry, Y.).
“micro-aggressions and a relative lack of support and inclusion on the part of faculty and classmates (both of whom are predominantly White) likely contribute to minority students’ experiences and feelings of exclusion (McGee, 2016; Seymour & Hewitt, 1997)”(Riegle-Crumb et al., 2019).
“research on the history and persistence of racialized bias and deficit thinking directed particularly to Blacks (and less so toward Latinas/os) speaks to the perhaps unique, socially isolated position of being Black in a college STEM classroom” (Riegle-Crumb et al., 2019).
The commonalities between these three quotes are that black and Latinx students feel excluded from STEM-based disciplines because of the presumed stereotypes about their academic and conceptual capabilities placed upon them by the dominant culture.
Reflection: Culturally Responsive Teaching is Metting Diverse Needs & Establishes a Safe Learning Environment
Extend Menu for ReflectionSTEM education and opportunities are not accessible to all students. Talent is equally distributed, but opportunity is not. Whether we like it or not, STEM is a hierarchy. It has a language, system of governance, and social norms. When students in my class were asked to describe what a scientist looked like, many of them said, tall, white lab coat, a man in goggles, beakers, and test tubes. I continued to ask them to name any scientist that comes to their mind. Many said Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, or Elon Musk. However, not one student from any of my four sections mentioned Rosalind Franklin, Katherine Johnson, Mae C. Jemison, or even George Washington Carver. At that moment, three things were made apparent to me. One, many of them remained oblivious to the fact that being a scientist doesn't come with a list of appearance requirements; two, that they didn't have role models to look up to in the science community; and three, meeting their diverse holistic needs always to be my top priority.
When it comes to STEM education, students from underserved schools are not given the same opportunity to flourish, especially in the sciences. The arts and sciences are riddled with epistemic injustice. Epistemic injustices are the purposeful discreditation of a person or groups' knowledge and capabilities (Stroupe, 2019). This injustice trickles into the classroom even when teachers actively try to break racial, cultural, and ethnic boundaries. In education, the teacher is often seen as the sage of information. Teachers are often seen or misinterpreted as the source of all content, skills, and learning; however, this is not true. Diversity in age, knowledge, and background has been scientifically proven through evidence-based research to deliver better learning outcomes and inspire creative solutions for complex challenges. Teaching is an occupation where both parties, teachers, and students are continuously and simultaneously learning through one another. Nonetheless, by solely conducting and following the philosophy that a teacher-centered classroom is the best teaching method, whether implicitly or consciously, is actively perpetuating the divide between students who see themselves in STEM and students who don't believe STEM spaces them (Stroupe, 2019). These dividers can vividly be seen across all identities, male, female, white, black, Hispanic, Latinx, queer, straight, and various socioeconomic status in between.
Teaching is a learned profession. No one is born a great teacher. Natural-born teachers do not exist; however, the passion and drive still need to be there, as it does for all careers in any field (Stroupe, 2019). Teaching is an art by nature supported by evidence-based research and practice. As previously stated, teaching is a career that requires ongoing learning. That learning requires becoming more aware of ourselves, our students, and the societal context we all live in. Educators are biased. We all have implicant biases. Implicit biases are biases that are latently learned through our upbringing based on our cultural and societal surroundings, independent experiences, and group experiences. It is also important to note that these biases be generationally passed down via storytelling. Humans learn not only through direct experiences but also from second-hand situational accounts. Implicit biases are autonomic and engraved in our deep consciousness. As educators, many of us are diversity, equity, and inclusion workshops to increase our cultural and moral awareness; however, we are still by-products of our environment. Attending workshops and seminars is not enough. Whenever we step into the classroom, we need to be actively engaged within our lesson and students and with our language in actions.
Teachers are not the center of knowledge, but we do set the stage. We all need to be comfortable with acknowledging that we all have biases and so do our classrooms. As educators, we have biases that we assign to our students. This may be hard to believe, but it is true. Acknowledging our faults is the first step towards self-awareness and making ourselves mentally, cognitively, and emotionally available to meet our students' diverse needs. When we step into the classroom, we assign biases to our students, resulting in intellectual marginalization embedded in gender, race, ethnicity, and sexual identity. As Teachers, we come into the classroom with our own set of cultural stereotypes. These stereotypes incite a cycle. A cycle that initiates biases leads to micro-messages, accumulations of advantages and disadvantages, student self-efficacy, and behaviors that perpetuate teacher affirmations of cultural stereotypes and latently learned prejudice and stereotypes among students. These biases and stereotypes then become entrenched into our student's self-narrative. Then these false narratives become intertwined with their identities, self-perceptions, and presumed capabilities (Morrell & Parker, 2013)Thus, ultimately resulting in many minoritized students believing that they and STEM are incompatible. Despite the discontinuous in-person learning occurring in the years 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, this cycle still thrives in virtual learning environments through student to student, teacher to teacher, and student to teacher social interactions.
All hope is not lost; change is possible. The role of a teacher may not be generally valued or respected in the United States, despite the six years of college education and professional training. Still, teachers are a crucial piece in inspiring change and molding the future minds of tomorrow. There is no other occupation that can say the same. To instill change and meet the diverse needs of our students, we need to become more aware of the world and our faults. The infamous cycle described above can be changed and used for the better. It can be used to our advantage. A teacher's role is to guide learning. We can change the cycle by creating a more supportive learning environment, delivering micro-messages that encourage growth mindsets and self-efficacy, and exposing students' divergent members of the scientific community (Stroupe, 2019).
Meeting the needs of diverse learning is not clean-cut or linear. Yes, varied instruction, practice, and exercises are essential. Yes, providing scaffolding, structure, and support is vital. However, these are not panaceas to meeting the diverse needs of students. They do not sit within the core of learning. The center of learning is located within those who participate in it.
This ideology came to me after my fourth week on student teaching. I was exhausted, tired, and frustrated in myself. I worked relentlessly to create engaging activities, set high expectations, embedded social-emotional learning into my lesson plans, and invested all I had into my students. They delivered on every aspect during class. Classroom engagement increased, overall assignment submission increased, social interaction increased, student implementation of feedback increased. I felt like the happiest and luckiest (student) teacher on the planet,
considering what I observed from other teachers that week and considering that virtual learning during a global pandemic is awful for all, especially the students. When the time came to view how students did on the weekly open response assessment assignment, I was shocked. Nearly have the students never submitted, submitted severely late, forgiveness unaccepted answers such as I don't understand, or I don't know. This turned me for a loop because this was not the behavior I received all week and the week prior. I could not correlate the two behaviors together because work before the assessment was all passed on and correct, and students were acing my informal assessments during class time.
Throughout my student teaching, I would weave the following messaged into my lesson or the feedback I gave. I would reiterate that I see them as a person first and a student second, I saw them as future leaders and advocate for change, and I assured them that our classroom was theirs first and mine second. However, I am not perfect and realize that no teacher can be excellent.
I learned a hard lesson that week from my students. Not all diverse needs are connected to the classroom. I know my students learned. I have the evidence to validate, but when it was time to play ball, they didn't want to bat. I realized that I could incorporate all the evidence-based research methods into my lesson as I please. I can include as much varied practice as I want, and I can incorporate any policies I think are needed. Still, my students' lives are much more significant than school, especially now more than ever. This was a hard pill for me to swallow, and I can imagine it is hard for many others to swallow as well.
A wise educator once told me that sometimes the best thing we can do as an educator is to make sure our students are safe, warm, and fed. This was a perspective I never heard or thought of. This was a need I was not familiar with but now understand. I know that my students are safe during my class, even though some are unavailable to do the work I assign outside of class. I know that they are learning even though some are unavailable to do the work I assign outside of class. I know that during my class, my students engaged even though some are unavailable to do the work I assign outside of class.
Meeting the diverse needs of students is not clean-cut or linear. Yes, varied instruction, scaffolding, and structure are essential for learning; however, these are not solutions. The center of learning and meeting diverse needs is located within those who participate in the process.
Classroom Implementation Examples
Diverse Scientist
Below are some examples of posts I made in my classes google classroom stream displaying underrepresented professionals in STEM are made large contributions and impacts in their fields. I tried my best to make posts during commemorative observances months such as Black Heritage Month and Women's History Month and so on. I also made posts during weeks when I felt it was time to do so.
Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today
- Malcolm X
Rosalind Franklin
Hi class! In honor of National Women History Month, I would like you all to meet Rosalind Franklin. Franklin was an outstanding scientist, researcher, and woman of her time. "The race to discover the structure of DNA consumed scientists in the 1950s. But the work of one woman, Rosalind Franklin, proved instrumental in uncovering the double helix.
Franklin held a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Cambridge University and worked on x-ray crystallography. She successfully photographed the structure of DNA on a machine she refined after 100 hours of x-ray exposure.
Her colleague, Maurice Wilkins, gave the groundbreaking photograph to James Watson and Francis Crick without Franklin's permission. When Watson saw the photograph, he said, "My jaw fell open, and my pulse began to race."
Watson and Crick used Franklin's work to publish a groundbreaking 1953 article in the journal Nature that won the two a Nobel Prize. They shared the honor with Wilkins.
Unfortunately, Franklin passed away at the age of 37 and never received a Nobel Prize for her contribution to science." - https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/10-women-who-made-scientific-history/
TLDR: Please read this!!! Every time I read about her story, I become angered. Her groundbreaking work was plagiarized and stolen by two men, Watson and Crick. Not only was her work stolen, but she never got to see the day when the world finally realized she truthfully discovered DNA's structure. She loved science so much she died for it. Please read the description and watch the video to know more about her.
George Washington Carver
Today's scientist of the day is George Washington Carver. "George Washington Carver was an agricultural scientist and inventor who developed hundreds of products using peanuts (though not peanut butter, as is often claimed), sweet potatoes, and soybeans. Born into slavery a year before it was outlawed, Carver left home at a young age to pursue education and would eventually earn a master’s degree in agricultural science from Iowa State University. He would go on to teach and conduct research at Tuskegee University for decades, and soon after his death his childhood home would be named a national monument — the first of its kind to honor an African American." - History.com. We owe a lot of our modern-day luxuries to this man!
Mae Jemison
In honor of Black Heritage Month, I would like you all to meet Mae C. Jemison. "Mae C. Jemison is an American astronaut and physician who, on June 4, 1987, became the first African American woman to be admitted into NASA’s astronaut training program. On September 12, 1992, Jemison finally flew into space with six other astronauts aboard the Endeavour on mission STS47, becoming the first African American woman in space. In recognition of her accomplishments, Jemison has received several awards and honorary doctorates." - Biography.com. Attached are links to her biography page and youtube video about her life in STEM.
Week One Highlight...
One highlight of my student teaching happened during my first week during my last-period class. My mentor teacher, Mrs. Coughlin, introduced me to class and mentioned that I would be their new student teacher. It was then my turn to introduce myself. I introduced myself by stating my name, pronouns, major, year, interests, campus involvement, and a little anecdote about being from Lowell. I did nothing out of the ordinary, but for some students, my words meant everything. In the chatbox appeared a student exclaiming how happy they were about having me as their next teacher. I didn't understand how simple an introduction could inspire so much commotion. The student then went on to tell the whole class how I used their preferred / new name(s) on their assignments and how I made them feel happy. That student was happy to be in school and happy to have me as their teacher. I then saw the rest of the class engage in discussion with this student in the chatbox. For myself, introducing myself with my pronouns was normal. Where I come from, we call people by their name. I do it all the time on campus. For this student, this classroom, it meant everything. I set the precedence for acceptance and being open-minded. By being included on the first day, I established a safe learning space for everyone. On that day, I learned that the smallest acts of kindness and respect made the largest impact on a student's life.